Energy flow and community structure in freshwater ecosystems

The goal of this article is twofold: 1) It aims at providing an overview on some major results obtained from energy flow studies in individuals, populations, and communities, and 2) it will also focus on major mechanisms explaining community structures. The basis for any biological community to survive and establish a certain population density is on the one hand energy fixation by primary producers together with adequate nutrient supply and the transfer of energy between trophic levels (bottom-up effect). On the other hand, predator pressures may strongly control prey population densities one or more trophic levels below (top-down effect). Other interpopulation effects include competition, chemical interactions and evolutionary genetic processes, which further interact and result in the specific structuring of any community with respect to species composition and population sizes.     

Benthic foraminiferal fauna turnover at 2.1 Ma in the northern South China Sea

Quantitative analysis of benthic foraminifera from ODP Site 1146 in the northern South China Sea (SCS) shows that abundance of Bulimina alazanensis, sometimes up to about 90%, decreased gradually since 3.2 Ma, especially at 2.1 Ma. Abundance of other benthic foraminiferal species, Globobulimina sub-globosa and Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi, increased after 2.1 Ma. Comparison with changes in oxygen and carbon isotopes of planktonic and benthic foraminifera shows that high abundance values of B. alazanensis corresponded with lower values of oxygen isotope, but for carbon isotope, high values of the species were consistent with heavier carbon isotope of benthic foraminifera and lighter carbon isotope of planktonic foraminifera, respectively, and vice versa. Considering factors such as uplift of Bashi Strait, expansion of the North Hemisphere Glaciation, strengthening of East Asian winter mon-soon and variations in oxygen and carbon isotope of foraminifera, changes of B. alazanensis in ODP Site 1146 suggest that the source of deep water masses of the northern South China Sea changed from the warm Pacific deep water with high oxygen content to Pacific Intermediate water with low oxygen content at 2.1 Ma. In addition, the strengthened East Asian winter monsoon resulted in increased pri-mary productivity, high nutrient and suboxic bottom water. Variations in species of B. alazanensis seemed to be unable to tolerate environmental stress induced by deep water masses and productivity changes.     

高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱检测海藻中的砷

以阴、阳离子交换色谱与电感耦合等离子体质谱联用检测砷的形态,测定了我国不同海域海藻(海带、紫菜)10种样品中的砷.样品总砷的浓度为1.7~38.7mg/kg As(干重).所有样品萃取物中,砷糖为砷的主要形态,在大多数紫菜样品中砷糖PO4为主要化合物0.4~12.7 mg/kg As(干重),其次为砷糖OH 1.0~7.8 mg/kg As(干重).海带样品除含有以上两种砷糖外,还含有砷糖SO3(8.9~17.6 mg/kg As干重),及DMA(1.7~3.2 mg/Kg As干重),无机砷在所有样品萃取物中未检出.     

Discovery of the budding phosphatized globular fossils from the Neoproterozoic Doushantuo Formation at Weng’an, Guizhou Province, China

There is much debate on biological affinities of the phosphatized globular fossils from the Neoproterozoic Doushantuo phosphorites at Weng’an, Guizhou Province. Here we report for the first time the budding structures of some of these globular fossils, which have previously been interpreted as the resting eggs and early cleavage embryos of metazoans. The budding structures are similar to the germinating tubes of the spore and zygote of living algae, suggesting that some globular fossils from the Doushantuo phosphorites bear affinity with algae. The present new information indicated various biological affinity of the phosphatized globular fossils from the Doushantuo phosphorites.     

重金属对藻类的毒性作用研究进展

从四方面分析了藻类与重金属的相互作用,提示重金属污染对水体危害十分严重,而利用藻类净化重金属废水具有重要的意义。     

4种腹足纲动物粗蛋白的凝集作用

采用来自5种脊椎动物的8种血细胞、7种微生物单细胞、5种藻类细胞，对4种海产腹足纲动物凝集素进行筛选，均检测到凝集活性。绵羊红细胞、啤酒酵母、紫球藻对凝集反应最为敏感。4种动物凝集素普遍不耐高温，60℃或65℃下15min即全部失活，凝集反应的适宜pH为6．5-8．0，其凝集性能可能分别被不同的糖所抑制，但均可被0．02mol／LEDTA抑制。     

影响USFE萃取海藻EPA和DHA的因素分析

研究了萃取温度、压力、时间、CO2流量和超声参数对超声强化超临界流体萃取海藻EPA和DHA的影响，发现与超临界流体萃取相比，超声强化超临界流体萃取过程使CO2流量减小，萃取温度及压力降低，萃取时间缩短，而EPA和DHA的萃取率提高，在单因素实验的基础上进行了正交实验，结果表明，超声强化超临界流体萃取EPA和DHA的最佳工艺条件为：萃取温度35℃，压力25MPa，时间3．0h，CO2流量3L／h。     

不同水体沉水植物叶面微生物群落特征

以沉水植物黑藻( Hydrilla verticillata )、苦草( Vallisneria natans )、伊乐藻( Elodea nuttallii )和菹草( Potamogeton crispus L )为研究对象,利用扫描电镜、荧光显微镜和16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术,探究不同生境中沉水植物叶面附着微生物群落结构及影响因素。结果表明:沉水植物叶面附着藻类组成与环境水体的藻类组成具有明显差异;不同沉水植物叶面附着微生物密度不同,且河流样品中高于湖泊样品;α-变形菌、β-变形菌和γ-变形菌纲是沉水植物叶面附着生物膜上的主要细菌纲,这些纲具有降解污染物质、净化水体的功能;水体营养盐浓度对沉水植物叶面附着微生物群落结构有很大影响。     

复合酶法提取褐藻可溶性膳食纤维的工艺优化及其抗氧化功能测定

以褐藻为原材料, 利用复合酶提取法提取可溶性膳食纤维(SDF). 先通过单因素实验研究不同提取条件对褐藻SDF提取率的影响, 再进行响应面实验分析, 从而确定复合酶法提取褐藻SDF的最佳条件; 测定所得褐藻 SDF 的理化特性, 并测定其抗氧化活性. 结果表明:  最佳提取条件为m(固)∶V（液）=1∶25, 55 ℃的酶解温度、 75 min的酶解时间、2.2%的酶添加量, 该条件下得到褐藻SDF的最大提取率为38.15%,相对偏差为2.23%;褐藻 SDF 的持水力和膨胀力分别为 24.6 g/g, 53.7 mL/g; 对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（DPPH.）自由基清除率达75.77%, 对2,2′-联氮-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸（ABTS.）自由基清除率在褐藻SDF质量比为160 μg/g时与对照组无显著性差异.       

水体中TN/TP与藻类产生周期及产生量的关系

通过室内模拟的方法研究了用自来水作为试验水,当TN/TP在25∶1～4∶1的范围变化时,藻类的产生周期及产生量的变化情况.试验设置了25∶1,20∶1,15∶1,12∶1,10∶1,4∶1 6个比值.为了探讨温度对藻类产生的影响,分别在夏季和冬季做了对比试验.结果表明:当TN/TP在25∶1～12∶1的范围时,藻类的产生周期随TN/TP的减少而缩短,产生量随着TN/TP的减少而增加.在TN/TP为12∶1时藻类的产生周期最短,产生量最多.而TN/TP从12∶1～10∶1时,藻类的产生周期却随TN/TP的减少而增加,产生量随TN/TP的减少而减少.在TN/TP为4∶1时,没有产生藻类.季节对藻类的产生影响比较大.在夏季,藻类的产生周期较短,生产量较多;在冬季,藻类的产生周期较长,生产量相对较少.